Eighteenth century

After the Declaration of Independence in 1776, which marked the official beginning of the American national identity, the new nation needed a history, and part of that history would be expressed visually. Most of early American art (from the late 18th century through the early 19th century) consists of history painting and portraits. Painters such as Gilbert Stuart made portraits of the newly elected government officials, while John Singleton Copley was painting emblematic portraits for the increasingly prosperous merchant class, and painters such as John Trumbull were making large battle scenes of the Revolutionary War.

Nineteenth century

Main articles: Hudson River School, Luminism (American art style), and American Impressionism

James McNeill Whistler, Arrangement in Grey and Black: The Artist’s Mother (1871) popularly known as Whistler’s Mother, Muse d’Orsay, Paris

America’s first well-known school of paintinghe Hudson River Schoolppeared in 1820. As with music and literature, this development was delayed until artists perceived that the New World offered subjects unique to itself; in this case the westward expansion of settlement brought the transcendent beauty of frontier landscapes to painters’ attention.

The Hudson River painters’ directness and simplicity of vision influenced such later artists as Winslow Homer (1836-1910), who depicted rural Americahe sea, the mountains, and the people who lived near them. Middle-class city life found its painter in Thomas Eakins (1844-1916), an uncompromising realist whose unflinching honesty undercut the genteel preference for romantic sentimentalism. Henry Ossawa Tanner who studied with Thomas Eakins was one of the first important African American painters.

Paintings of the Great West, particularly the act of conveying the sheer size of the land and the cultures of the native people living on it, were starting to emerge as well. Artists such as George Catlin broke from traditional styles of showing land, most often done to show how much a subject owned, to show the West and its people as honestly as possible.

Many painters who are considered American spent some time in Europe and met other European artists in Paris and London, such as Mary Cassatt and Whistler.

Twentieth Century

Main articles: American realism and American modernism

Mary Cassatt, The Bath 1891-1892, Art Institute of Chicago, while painted in Europe, Cassatt is considered an American painter

Controversy soon became a way of life for American artists. In fact, much of American painting and sculpture since 1900 has been a series of revolts against tradition. “To hell with the artistic values,” announced Robert Henri (1865-1929). He was the leader of what critics called the Ashcan school of painting, after the group’s portrayals of the squalid aspects of city life. American realism became the new direction for American visual artists at the turn of the century. In photography the Photo-Secession movement led by Alfred Steiglitz made pathways for photography as an emerging art form. Soon the Ashcan school artists gave way to modernists arriving from Europehe cubists and abstract painters promoted by the photographer Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946) at his 291 Gallery in New York City. John Marin, Marsden Hartley, Alfred Henry Maurer, Arthur Dove, Henrietta Shore, Stuart Davis, Stanton MacDonald-Wright, Morgan Russell, Patrick Henry Bruce, and Gerald Murphy were some important early American modernist painters.

After World War I many American artists also rejected the modern trends emanating from the Armory Show and European influences such as those from the School of Paris. Instead they chose to adopt academic realism in depicting American urban and rural scenes. Charles Sheeler, and Charles Demuth were referred to as Precisionists and the artists from the Ashcan school or American realism: notably George Bellows, Everett Shinn, George Benjamin Luks, William Glackens, and John Sloan and others developed socially conscious imagery in their works.

The American Southwest

Georgia O’Keeffe, Ram’s Head White Hollyhock and Little Hills, 1935, the Brooklyn Museum

Following the first World War, the completion of the Santa Fe Railroad enabled American settlers to travel across the west, as far as the California coast. New artists colonies started growing up around Santa Fe and Taos, the artists primary subject matter being the native people and landscapes of the Southwest. Images of the Southwest became a popular form of advertising, used most significantly by the Santa Fe Railroad to entice settlers to come west and enjoy the nsullied landscapes. Walter Ufer, Bert Greer Phillips, E. Irving Couse, William Henry Jackson, and Georgia O’Keeffe are some of the more prolific artists of the Southwest.

Harlem Renaissance

The Harlem Renaissance was another significant development in American art. In the 1920s and 30s a new generation of educated and politically astute African-American men and women emerged who sponsored literary societies and art and industrial exhibitions to combat racist stereotypes. The movement showcases the range of talents within African-American communities. Though the movement included artists from across America, it was centered in Harlem, and work from Harlem graphic artist Aaron Douglas and photographer James VanDerZee became emblematic of the movement. Some of the artists include Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence, Charles Alston, Augusta Savage, Archibald Motley, Lois Mailou Jones, Palmer Hayden and Sargent Johnson.

New Deal Art

Thomas Hart Benton, People of Chilmark (Figure Composition), 1920, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC.

When the Great Depression hit, president Roosevelt New Deal created several public arts programs. The purpose of the programs was to give work to artists and decorate public buildings, usually with a national theme. The first of these projects, the Public Works of Art Project (PWAP), was created after successful lobbying by the unemployed artists of the Artists’ Union. The PWAP lasted less than one year, and produced nearly 15,000 works of art. It was followed by the Federal Art Project of the Works Progress Administration (FAP/WPA) in 1935, which funded some of the most well-known American artists. Several separate and related movements began and developed during the Great Depression including American scene painting, Regionalism, and Social Realism. Thomas Hart Benton, John Steuart Curry, Grant Wood, Ben Shahn, Joseph Stella, Reginald Marsh, Isaac Soyer, Raphael Soyer, and Jack Levine were some of the best known artists.

Abstract Expressionism

Main articles: Abstract expressionism, Action Painting, Color Field, and Lyrical Abstraction

Franz Kline, Painting Number 2, 1954, The Museum of Modern Art

In the years after World War II, a group of New York artists formed the first American movement to exert major influence internationally: abstract expressionism. This term, which had first been used in 1919 in Berlin, was used again in 1946 by Robert Coates in The New York Times, and was taken up by the two major art critics of that time, Harold Rosenberg and Clement Greenberg. It has always been criticized as too large and paradoxical, yet the common definition implies the use of abstract art to express feelings, emotions, what is within the artist, and not what stands without.

The first generation of abstract expressionists was composed of artists such as Jackson Pollock, Willem De Kooning, Mark Rothko, Franz Kline, Arshile Gorky, Robert Motherwell, Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Adolph Gottlieb, Phillip Guston, Ad Reinhardt, Hans Hofmann, James Brooks, Richard Pousette-Dart, William Baziotes, Mark Tobey, Bradley Walker Tomlin, Theodoros Stamos, Jack Tworkov and others. Though the numerous artists encompassed by this label had widely different styles, contemporary critics found several common points between them.

Many first generation abstract expressionists were influenced both by the Cubists’ works (black & white copies in art reviews and the works themselves at the 291 Gallery or the Armory Show), and by the European Surrealists, most of them abandoned formal composition and representation of real objects; and by Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Often the abstract expressionists decided to try instinctual, intuitive, spontaneous arrangements of space, line, shape and color. Abstract Expressionism can be characterized by two major elements – the large size of the canvases used, (partially inspired by Mexican frescoes and the works they made for the WPA in the 1930s), and the strong and unusual use of brushstrokes and experimental paint application with a new understanding of process.

The emphasis and intensification of color and large open expanses of surface were two of the principles applied to the movement called Color field Painting. Ad Reinhardt, Adolph Gottlieb, Mark Rothko, Clyfford Still and Barnett Newman were categorized as such. Another movement was called Action Painting, characterized by spontaneous reaction, powerful brushstrokes, dripped and splashed paint and the strong physical movements used in the production of a painting. Jackson Pollock is an example of an Action Painter: his creative process, incorporating thrown and dripped paint from a stick or poured directly from the can; he revolutionized painting methods. Willem de Kooning famously said about Pollock “he broke the ice for the rest of us.” Ironically Pollock’s large repetitious expanses of linear fields are also characteristic of Color Field painting as well, and art critic Michael Fried pointed that out in his essay for the catalog of Three American painters: Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Frank Stella at the Fogg Art Museum in 1965. Despite the disagreements between art critics, Abstract Expressionism marks a turning-point in the history of American art: the 1940s and 1950s saw international attention shift from European -Parisian- art, to American -New York- art.

Color field painting went on as a movement: artists in the 1950s, such as Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Robert Motherwell, and in the 1960s, Jules Olitski, Kenneth Noland, and Helen Frankenthaler, sought to make paintings which would eliminate superfluous rhetoric with large, flat areas of color.

After Abstract Expressionism

During the 1950s abstract painting in America evolved into movements such as Neo-Dada, Post painterly abstraction, Op Art, hard-edge painting, Minimal art, Shaped canvas painting, Lyrical Abstraction, and the continuation of Abstract expressionism. As a response to the tendency toward abstraction imagery emerged through various new movements like Pop Art, the Bay Area Figurative Movement and later in the 1970s Neo-expressionism.

Lyrical Abstraction along with the Fluxus movement and Postminimalism (a term first coined by Robert Pincus-Witten in the pages of Artforum in 1969) sought to expand the boundaries of abstract painting and Minimalism by focusing on process, new materials and new ways of expression. Postminimalism often incorporating industrial materials, raw materials, fabrications, found objects, installation, serial repetition, and often with references to Dada and Surrealism is best exemplified in the sculptures of Eva Hesse. Lyrical Abstraction, Conceptual Art, Postminimalism, Earth Art, Video, Performance art, Installation art, along with the continuation of Fluxus, Abstract Expressionism, Color Field Painting, Hard-edge painting, Minimal Art, Op art, Pop Art, Photorealism and New Realism extended the boundaries of Contemporary Art in the mid-1960s through the 1970s.

Lyrical Abstraction shares similarities with Color Field Painting and Abstract Expressionism especially in the freewheeling usage of paint – texture and surface. Direct drawing, calligraphic use of line, the effects of brushed, splattered, stained, squeegeed, poured, and splashed paint superficially resemble the effects seen in Abstract Expressionism and Color Field Painting. However the styles are markedly different.

During the 1960s and 1970s painters as powerful and influential as Adolph Gottlieb, Phillip Guston, Lee Krasner, Cy Twombly, Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Richard Diebenkorn, Josef Albers, Elmer Bischoff, Agnes Martin, Al Held, Sam Francis, Ellsworth Kelly, Morris Louis, Gene Davis, Frank Stella, Joan Mitchell, Friedel Dzubas, and younger artists like Brice Marden, Robert Mangold, Sam Gilliam, Sean Scully, Elizabeth Murray, Walter Darby Bannard, Larry Zox, Ronnie Landfield, Ronald Davis, Dan Christensen, Susan Rothenberg, Ross Bleckner, Richard Tuttle, Julian Schnabel, and dozens of others produced vital and influential paintings.

Other Modern American Movements

Main articles: Pop Art, Hard-edge painting, Happenings, Fluxus, Chicago Imagists, Postminimal, Neo-expressionism, and Conceptual Art

Nighthawks (1942) by Edward Hopper is one of his best known works, Art Institute of Chicago

Members of the next artistic generation favored a different form of abstraction: works of mixed media. Among them were Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008) and Jasper Johns (1930- ), who used photos, newsprint, and discarded objects in their compositions. Pop artists, such as Andy Warhol (1930-1987), Larry Rivers (1923-2002), and Roy Lichtenstein (1923-1997), reproduced, with satiric care, everyday objects and images of American popular cultureoca-Cola bottles, soup cans, comic strips. Realism has also been popular in the United States, despite modernist tendencies, such as the city scenes by Edward Hopper and the illustrations of Norman Rockwell. In certain places, for example Chicago, Abstract Expressionism never caught on; in Chicago, the dominant art style was grotesque, symbolic realism, as exemplified by the Chicago Imagists Cosmo Campoli (1923-1997), Jim Nutt (1938- ), Ed Paschke (1939-2004), and Nancy Spero (1926- ).

Notable figures

A few American artists of note include: Ansel Adams, John James Audubon, Thomas Hart Benton, Albert Bierstadt, Alexander Calder, Mary Cassatt, Frederic Edwin Church, Thomas Cole, Edward S. Curtis, Richard Diebenkorn, Thomas Eakins, Jules Feiffer, Helen Frankenthaler, Arshile Gorky, Marsden Hartley, Al Hirschfeld, Hans Hofmann, Winslow Homer, Georgia O’Keeffe, Lee Krasner, Franz Kline, Willem de Kooning, Dorothea Lange, Roy Lichtenstein, Morris Louis, John Marin, Agnes Martin, Jackson Pollock, Man Ray, Robert Rauschenberg, Frederic Remington, Norman Rockwell, Mark Rothko, Albert Pinkham Ryder, Cindy Sherman, David Smith, Frank Stella, Gilbert Stuart, Louis Comfort Tiffany, Andy Warhol, Frank Lloyd Wright, Andrew Wyeth, N.C. Wyeth

See also

Abstract Expressionism

Aesthetics

American Impressionism

American modernism

American realism

American scene painting

Art education in the United States

Colorfield painting

History of painting

Late Modernism

List of American artists

Lyrical Abstraction

Modernism

Native American art

Regionalism

Sculpture of the United States

Social Realism

Synchromism

Visual arts of Chicago

Western painting

References

^ a b Movers and Shakers, New York, “Leaving C&M”, by Sarah Douglas, Art+Auction, March 2007, V.XXXNo7.

^ Martin, Ann Ray, and Howard Junker. The New Art: It’s Way, Way Out, Newsweek July 29, 1968: pp.3,55-63.

Sources

Pohl, Frances K. Framing America. A Social History of American Art. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2002 (pages 7484, 118-122, 366-365, 385, 343-344, 350-351 )

v  d  e

United States topics

History

Timeline

Pre-Columbian era  Colonial era (Thirteen Colonies) (Colonial American military history)   American Revolution (War)  Federalist Era War of 1812  Territorial changes  Mexican-American War  American Civil War  Reconstruction era  American Indian Wars  Gilded Age  African-American Civil Rights Movement (18961954)  Spanish-American War  World War I  Roaring Twenties  Great Depression  World War II (Home front)  Cold War  Korean War  Space Race  African-American Civil Rights Movement (19551968)  Feminist Movement  Vietnam War  Post-Cold War (1991resent)  War on Terrorism (War in Afghanistan  Iraq War)

Topics

Demographic  Economic  Military  Postal  Technological and industrial  Inventions  Discoveries

Federal

government

   

Law

Constitution

Bill of Rights

Civil liberties

Federalism

Separation of powers

Law enforcement

Department of Justice

Federal Bureau of Investigation

Legislature – Congress

House of Representatives  Speaker of the House

Senate  President of the Senate

Executive – President

Vice President

Executive Office

Cabinet / executive departments

Independent agencies

Civil service  Policies

Judiciary – Supreme Court

Federal courts

Courts of appeal

District courts

Intelligence

Intelligence Community

Central Intelligence Agency

Defense Intelligence Agency

National Security Agency

Armed Forces

Army

Marine Corps

Navy

Air Force

Coast Guard

Politics

State governments  Local governments  Elections (Electoral College)  Divisions  Ideologies  Parties (Democratic Party  Republican Party  Third parties)  Scandals  Political status of Puerto Rico  Red states and blue states  Uncle Sam

Geography

Cities, towns, and villages  Counties  Extreme points  Islands  Mountains (Peaks  Appalachian  Rocky)  National Park System  Regions (Great Plains  Mid-Atlantic  Midwestern  New England  Northern  Northwestern  Southern  Southwestern  Pacific  Western)  Rivers (Colorado  Mississippi  Missouri)  States  Territory  Water supply and sanitation

Economy

Agriculture  Banking  Communications  Companies  Dollar  Energy  Federal Budget  Federal Reserve System  Insurance  Standard of living (Personal income  Household income  Homeownership  Income inequality)  Mining  Public debt  Taxation  Tourism  Trade  Transportation  Wall Street

Society

Adolescent sexuality  Crime  Demographics  Education  Health care  Health insurance  Incarceration  Languages (American English  Spanish)  Media  People  Public holidays  Religion  Social class (Affluence  American Dream  Middle class  Educational attainment  Poverty  Professional and working class conflict)  Sports

Culture

Literature  Philosophy  Architecture  Cuisine  Dance  Fashion  Flag  Folklore  Music  Radio  Television / Cinema  Visual arts

Issues

Abortion  Affirmative action  Anti-Americanism  Capital punishment  Drug policy  Exceptionalism  Energy policy  Environmental movement  Gun politics  Health care reform  Human rights  Immigration   LGBT rights (Same-sex marriage)  Obesity  Racism  Terrorism

Portal

v  d  e

Art of the Americas

North America  South America

Sovereign states

Antigua and Barbuda  Argentina  Bahamas  Barbados  Belize  Bolivia  Brazil  Canada  Chile  Colombia  Costa Rica  Cuba  Dominica  Dominican Republic  Ecuador  El Salvador  Grenada  Guatemala  Guyana  Haiti  Honduras  Jamaica  Mexico  Nicaragua  Panama  Paraguay  Peru  Saint Kitts and Nevis  Saint Lucia  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Suriname  Trinidad and Tobago  United States  Uruguay  Venezuela

Dependencies and

other territories

Anguilla  Aruba  Bermuda  British Virgin Islands  Cayman Islands  Falkland Islands  French Guiana  Greenland  Guadeloupe  Martinique  Montserrat  Navassa Island  Netherlands Antilles  Puerto Rico  Saint Barthlemy  Saint Martin  Saint Pierre and Miquelon  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands  Turks and Caicos Islands  US Virgin Islands

Categories: American art | Art by nationality

Law Of Certificates, Digital Signatures And Electronic Documents 8454, was passed by the Legislative assembly of the Republic of Costa Rica in San José, August 23rd 2005. This law applies to all types of transactions, both public and private. The State and all of its companies are explicitly authorized to utilize the digital certificates, electronic documents and digital signatures (Article 1).

Electronic signatures and documents have legal recognition and functional equivalence to physical media. (Article 3, 4 and 18). Electronic documents and communications will have the same value and the probative efficacy as the equivalent signed manuscript and is considered registered when the digital certificate has been sent by the registered certifier (Article 8 and 9). Until proved otherwise by an opponent, an electronic signature is presumed to be in force at the moment of issuance. This presumption does not dispense of legal requirements of authentication, certification or registration (Article 10).

Businesses are able to legally store their files and documents in electronic form provided that the necessary security measures are taken to guarantee the accuracy of the file, accessibility and information regarding its origin. When transitioning matters of registration, files or endorsements that are required by law to be stored, the business should first get authorization from the appropriate authority (Article 6).

Articles 11 and 12 outline the requirements and mechanisms of validating electronic document systems. There should be a linking or means of associating the document, the digital signature and the individual signing the document. The file should have a means of authentication and integrity verification. The system should utilize a mechanism of certification or validation that would operate from machine to machine, program to program and even systems of public and private keys or other systems that offer optimum security.

This research was published by PrivaSign. PrivaSign has compiled one of the largest, web-based, electronic signature law libraries available anywhere on the Internet and complies with most state, federal and international laws. For a more detailed analysis of this and other electronic signature laws please visit http://privasign.com/laws.asp and
http://privasign.com/whitepaper.asp

About PrivaSign

PrivaSign is the first web-based & transactional electronic signature service that lets users sign any file regardless of the format, anywhere and at any time. PrivaSign has no contracts or commitments. Send any file in seconds to anyone and get a legally binding and secure electronic signature. Signup today to be a PrivaSign Beta user, and receive a bonus signup credit to try it for free. Please visit http://privasign.com to signup for your account now. PrivaSign services are used in over 20 different industries including Franchising, Legal, Construction, Finance, Health Care, Hotel and Hospitality, Consumer Services, Banking and many more.

In a state where water has become an increasingly scarce commodity, a growing number of farmers are betting they can make more money selling their water supplies to thirsty cities and farms to the south than by growing crops. 13000 liter sump + 5000 liter overhead tank, Solar water heater + Electric water heater, Private garden, big balcony, Wardroab in every rooms, Aquajack controled motor system and more. Iio- Rapture (Starkillers Undone Remix)02. SURPRISE- Extending Rose Garden Lane and building a low-water crossing of the Aqua Fria River would not significantly reduce Bell Road traffic as anticipated, according to a study. Tiff Lacey- Strange Liaison (Cressida Remix) Alter Ego 03. Algae can be a problem for all water garden owners. There are no long pipes or trenches for this permanent lawn sprinkler. Oceanlab “Clear Blue Water” Mike Shiver Garden State Remix (Anjunabeats). how is this apply to real estate?One good benefit of this practice is that you do not f. Check out this article about lawn care- Check out the DIY lawn sprinkler system that works with your garden hose. How can I save that water for a yard that has endured drought-like conditions? Banthai Beach Resort & Spa is located at the centre of Patong Beach, Phuket, andsituated on 5 acres of land amid lush tropical gardens facing the turquoise waters of the Andaman Sea.Our property offer 217 rooms in contemporary Thai design and architecture with full amenities and facilities including 2 large free-form swimming pools for you. Select the correct seeds in order to destroy the invading tars! The built-in micro-processor automatically adjusts nutrient delivery and water flow and turns g.

Set in a lush, landscaped tropical garden with direct access to white powder beaches and the warm waters of the Indian Ocean, the Z.

Bugs made of tar (tars) are attacking the garden water supply. If winter’s chills have got you down and you’re tired of bare trees and perhaps snow, it’s time to find someplace relaxing with lush tropical plants, cascades of running water and such a profusion of orchids that there’s even a hanging curtain made of them. also provides a free “directory listing” for personal sites, associations, clubs, companies or contractors.

There are no long pipes or trenches for this permanent lawn sprinkler. The charming handcrafted apartments are situated amongst beautiful tropical gardens and surround an idyllic adults only pool and Jacuzzi with a shallow area for sun tanning partly submerged in the water. A new site promises to allow anyone with a pond or water garden to put up a free webpage (even allowing small or home based businesses to do so). Coneflowers are known to be strong butterfly magnets with their large, fragrant flowers. But no garden is ever so perfect without a water fountain. Check out this article about lawn care- Check out the DIY lawn sprinkler system that works with your garden hose. all the reasons why you should have a garden fountain. Conserving water is important for all of us everywhere, but it becomes more so for people who are living in drought prone areas. Lawns absorb and store water, which helps reduce storm runoff and improve water quality. A Watering Made Easy Sprinkler Station stays aimed, and hides underground below the mower between waterings. This video will show you how to repair a damaged garden water hose. Leading water gardening product supplier pulled in more than $60,000,000 in sales 2006 from the fastest growing segment of the ‘Green’ industry. Don’t miss it on your trip to Costa Rica. I’m going to get ready for the gardening season. Welcome to Fountains For Home, the premier retailer of indoor, outdoor fountains and fountain accessories. (So we can starve, but we won’t be thirsty.start a garden!). They add beauty and serenity to you’re garden The sound of the water will give you much relaxation.

Oceanlab- Clear Blue Water (Mike Shiver’s Garden State Remix) Anjunabeats 02. As with any project, a water garden must be planned before you dig. A Watering Made Easy Sprinkler Station stays aimed, and hides underground below the mower between waterings. Building it yourself saves cash and gives added satisfaction and accomplishment.

For more information please visit http://gardeninggo.info/sitemap or http://gardeninggreat.info/sitemap or even http://gardeninghot.info/sitemap

Three-fourths of Panama’s GDP relies on an economy based primarily on well-developed services sector. Services include the Panama Canal, banking, the Colon Free Zone, insurance, container ports, flagship registry, and tourism. Panama’s economy has positive and sustained growth due to economic stability in the last few years, including an inflation level that is among the lowest in the world, and a per capita income that is among the highest in Latin America.

During the last 15 years, income from international tourism in the Republic of Panama has grown 1.5 times faster than the national GDP, and there is no indication that it will decrease. For the year 2005, tourism has contributed between 15% and 20% to the national economy. Panama has 1,398 tourist attractions of which 70%, are natural sites and 30% are cultural and historical sites.

Panama’s Environment

Panama is a natural land bridge that connects North and Central America with South America. Both the northwestern and eastern halves of Panama as well as the canal zone is dominated by rain forests teeming with animal and plant species from both continents. More bird species live in Panama than in North America. In total, there are 954 indigenous bird species plus hundreds of migrating bird species. Panama is also home to 225 mammal species, 214 reptile species and 143 amphibious species, as well as host to more than 10,000 plant species.

The combination of incredible natural beauty, pleasant moderate climates as well as access to international markets and the quality and low cost of the labor force, make Panama an ideal place to live. You can drive from a modern, bustling urban environment to a rain forest teeming with animal and plant life in as little

as an hour.

Stats:

Full country name: Republic of Panama

Area: 78,000 sq km (30,420 sq mi)

Population: 3 million (July 2005) (growth rate 1.3%)

Capital city: Panama City (pop 700,000)

People:

70% mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white)

14% Amerindian and mixed (West Indian)

10% White

6% Amerindian

Language:

Spanish

English

Indian languages

Religion:

85% Roman Catholic

10% Protestant

5% Islamic

Government: Constitutional republic

President: Martin Torrijos

GDP: US$8.8 billion

GDP per head: US$3200

Annual growth: 4.1%

Inflation: 1.1%

Exports: $5.699 billion f.o.b. (includes the Colon Free Zone) (2004 est.)

Exports – commodities: bananas, shrimp, sugar, coffee, clothing (1999)

Exports – partners: US 50.5%, Sweden 6.6%, Spain 5.1%, Netherlands 4.4%, Costa Rica 4.2% (2004)

Imports: $7.164 billion f.o.b. (includes the Colon Free Zone) (2004 est.)

Imports – commodities: capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals

Imports – partners: US 33.3%, Netherlands Antilles 8.1%, Japan 6%, Costa Rica 5.7%, Mexico 4.6%, Colombia 4.2% (2004)

For more information, please visit:

http://www.panamaexpertos.com

http://www.panamaexpertos.com/info.php?page=content/life_in_panama

yes it is very soon and there is alot i want to do and see in only about 3 1/2 weeks. how should i fit this all in most logically?

1. We would like to volunteer at Finca Pasiflora for about 6 days. It is an organic farm in the foothills of the Cordillera de Talamanca.
2. We have friends coming to costa rica a few days after us and they will be going to Manuel Antonio and we would like to meet them there and spend some time there. How long is long enough to explore that area’s park and beach? We would like to explore some snorkeling and surfing opportunities while there.
3. There is a wild life sanctuary at the tip of the Nicoya peninsula called Rainsong. They also said that we could volunteer there but want a minimum of one week and im not sure we have enough time….but regardless would like to check it out!
4. Other Nicoya peninsula destinations such as Montezuma, Samara, and and turtles nesting in Ostinal would all be awesome! How much time in each place?
5. Finally we want check out Arenal Volcano, the Maleku indigenous reserve and Monteverde Cloud forest. How much time should we spend in these areas? And how do we best get from the nicoya peninsula to these areas?
6. We would need to head to San Jose for our return home!

Am I missing something vital? I would love to check out Osa Peninsula and the Carribean coast but just dont think I have enough time with so much already, but Im open for suggestions! THANKS!!!

You can hear it or see it in the news all the time.  When cops bust up a drug ring, they are often hailed as heroes – and they pretty much are.  Drug rings are sophisticated networks of drug dealers who distribute drugs in a widespread area.  They begin with one person responsible for importing or manufacturing drugs.  Those drugs are given to a second level person who distributes to individual dealers who sell the drugs on the street.

The people who run these drug rings are living a lavish lifestyle and profiting off the drugs that they peddle.  Some of the biggest drug ring busts we hear about occur along the coastlines where smugglers will bring over large quantities of drugs from places like Columbia or Costa Rica.

But cops bust drug rings all the time right here in the United States.  A quick “Google” search shows all sorts of news stories about how police have busted up drug rings in American cities.  These busts usually involve intense surveillance and take quite a bit of time in order to build a case against the dealers.

Drug rings are located all over the United States, Canada, and also in foreign countries.  You see, drugs are big business, so when these dealers find a way to increase their traffic and make more money, that’s when they begin to form a drug ring.  When cops go to bust a drug ring, they have spent a lot of time building a case against the people involved.

Drug kingpins who run drug rings find out quite quickly that a bust is a very “expensive” endeavor.  By “expensive”, we mean all assets acquired by the leader will be seized if cops suspect those assets were bought with drug money.  Bank accounts are frozen, and personal property is gathered as the case against the leader gets stronger.

When cops bust a drug ring, the people who are arrested face a pretty hefty sentence as well.  These vary from state to state and from country to country of course, but in general, sentences can run anywhere from 10 years to life in a penitentiary.  They also face hefty fine and their families are inevitably affected.

Busting drug rings is a high priority for not only our federal government, but also for state and local municipalities.  It’s essential for controlling the effects that drugs have on our society.  When cops bust more drug rings, that’s one less chance that drugs will be available for sale and consumption – and then we can begin winning the war on drugs!

Image taken on 2003-10-01 00:00:00 by ReservasdeCoches.com.

Costa Rica travel – a beautiful destination that travelers return to again and again. This short clip gives insight in the wildlife rich jungles and shorelines to visit during a Costa Rica trip. Frogs, monkeys, crabs, birds, birds and birds!
(more…)

“Calypso Catamaran Cruise” also known as the Pacific Island Cruise or the Calypso Island Cruise, is a one-day boat tour full of adventure that leaves daily from Puntarenas, Costa Rica‘s major Pacific Port. Once on board the 71-foot Catamaran Manta Raya, you will cruise past some of the 23 islands in the calm waters of the Gulf of Nicoya, where you can see porpoise, dolphins, sea turtles and aquatic birds. Calypso offers Costa Rica‘s famous palm studded, white sand beach Isla Tortuga (Tortuga Island). Once at your destination, enjoy the activities that include: sunbathing, volleyball, kayaks, bird watching or relax in a hammock. A wonderful gourmet meal is elegantly served accompanied with chilled white wine and live music. The video was produced by Tim “Turbo” Johnston & Sherry Valentine – Turbo Productions (www.turboproductions.org).
(more…)

Most people love travelling and whether it is in the interest of business or pleasure it is always great to escape from the mundane and visit another country. There are so many countries in the world that it would take anyone a really long time to really get to know all the cultures present today. Costa Rica, for example, is widely considered as one of the premier destinations as it welcomes tourists with numerous attractions and entertainment opportunities. Like with any other country, when travelling to this beautiful region you will need to take care of certain services in advance so that you can make sure you are going to have a great travelling experience. The first thing you need to worry about is of course the hotel accommodation for your stay there. With a large number of tourists visiting this country each year the number of hotels available is constantly increasing so you will have quite a few to choose from, depending of course on location and on your budget. Another great important aspect about visiting this country is to find a Costa Rica car rental company. Like everywhere else on Earth there is public transportation but if you like to always have control over the time you spend travelling from one point to another you are probably going to rent a car in Costa Rica. The rates are more than affordable and the only thing you will have to worry about is finding a Costa Rica car rental company that meets your requirements in terms of specific car makes and models you are interested in getting. The first thing you need to do when you intend to rent a car in Costa Rica is do some research. There are quite a few companies that specialize in offering this type of service but in order to find the best Costa Rica car rental company you should probably ask some people you know or browse the internet and get some reviews. Regardless if you are searching for a small town car or a Costa Rica car rental 4×4 you will be sure to find just what you are looking for and for exactly the right price. People generally rent a car in Costa Rica for the sense of freedom and more importantly the flexibility it gives them when travelling in this country. Another thing you need to do before getting your Costa Rica car rental 4×4 vehicle is look around and find the local traffic regulations. There won’t be significant chances but whenever you are travelling to another country it is always a smart move to ask about the local laws. In terms of budget, any Costa Rica car rental company presents its visitors with a wide range of options to choose from. When going out to rent a car in Costa Rica you will find that the smaller the car the cheapest its price will be, so you are probably going to pay more for a Costa Rica car rental 4×4 than for a small city car.

These days there are lots of different types of cruises that you can go on. The television is littered with commercials for everything from family cruises to adventure cruises to celebrity cruises and everything in between. There are so many different types of cruises to choose from, that the special features are just as integral to the trip as the cruise itself. From Disney family cruises to safari trips to celebrity comfort, there is a special adventure from everyone, man or woman from infancy to one hundred and one. Below are outlined just a couple of these different types of cruises and what they have to offer.

American Safari Cruises offer five different adventure destinations: the pacific northwest, Alaskan wilderness, Columbia and Snake rivers, Mexico’s sea of Cortes, and California wine country. These five different trips combine the luxurious on ship experience with rugged outdoor adventures to cater to the different sides of personality in all of us. These are small, focused tour groups, and the three ships in the fleet carry only from twelve to twenty one passengers each. This provides for an in depth, attentive and community building experience for all. Whether you are relaxing and sipping wine in Napa or trekking the same path that Lewis and Clarke took, you will be able to test your personal comfort level without having to give up any personal comforts.

Ancient Adventures Cruises is an experience rich in history and character. With packages ranging from Turkey to Kenya, experienced tour guides from all walks of life personally guide guests through the ancient artifacts of historical civilizations. These trips are more package adventures than cruises, combining luxurious land accommodations with the cruise trips. Private chauffeured cars take guests to the many exotic locations that this international travel company services. Former palaces and historical sites converted to hotel accommodations round out this rich cultural experience for guests in all different nations. Also, you can combine different trips together to make as short or as long and as varied an experience as you would like. With three international offices, and many guides that hold advances degrees in archaeology and history, you will find whatever cultural or language specific accommodations that you seek.

Windjammer Barefoot Cruises offer a huge variety of cruises, from a 7 day stay in Panama and Costa Rica exploring the rainforest to a photography contest themed cruise, there is a little bit of something for everyone all over the Pacific and the Caribbean. In addition to a huge variety of locations, from the Bahamas to Mexico, Windjammer Barefoot Cruises offers several different themed cruises. There is the Pirate’s week once a year, and then the Serenity cruise, which is focused on the well being and rejuvenation of all passengers. The most popular by far though is the Single’s cruise. What better way to meet the new love of your life than on a luxury cruise ship? Windjammer does a great job of packing the ship with equal numbers of men and women, so there is always something for everyone.

costa rica in november

which airline has the cheapest flights to San Jose, Costa Rica?

Im traveling in early November…any good airlines with cheap fares??
traveling from Miami, FL.

From where?

New info added:
Thanks for adding that you will depart from Miami. Check out Dutch airline Martinair which fly from Amsterdam to Miami to CR, and usually have the cheapest fares. The other suggestions for Booking Buddy is good, too, but Martinair usually do not show up in the online booking engines; you either have to book from their website or ring this airline directly. Link below:

NOVEMBER SKI – YANNI

Capacity Development in Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop Held in Costa Rica, 9-11 November 1993 (OECD documents) …

Sintercafe VII awaits you in Costa Rica. (Seventh International Coffee Week, November 14-17, 1993): An article from: Tea & Coffee Trade Journal $5.95 This digital document is an article from Tea & Coffee Trade Journal, published by Lockwood Trade Journal Co., Inc. on August 1, 1993. The length of the article is 653 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.Citat…

A view of the U.S. role in the militarization of Central America: A report based on a trip from November 20 to December 14, 1983 to Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua …

---

Whenever we find ourselves in a remote city for a holiday we all want to make the most out of our stay. Generally people want to disconnect from their traditional lives in many ways in order to fully enjoy their free time and create beautiful memories. There are however certain things that most of us are not willing to renounce and car rental is definitely one of them. When they find themselves in their own cities, people from all over the world prefer the comfort of a car to the detriment of public transportation because it allows them to have full freedom and not worry about keeping the strict schedules of these operators. When travelling on holiday to another country this just as important because whichever activity you may decide upon nothing beats the freedom given to you by a car rental Costa Rica San Jose service. Costa Rica is a beautiful country with numerous opportunities for tourists and seeing them all by using public transportation is basically impossible unless you plan on staying a really long time. The best idea is to rent a car Costa Rica and take things into your own hands. Regardless if you decide to opt for a regular car rental Costa Rica San Jose or a car rental Costa Rica airport service, you are sure to find exactly the vehicle you are looking for and for the right money also. The rates available at car rental Costa Rica San Jose agencies are not too different from those you see in other countries. The conditions to rent a car Costa Rica are also similar to those found in other countries around the world. Those interested in using a car rental Costa Rica airport service have to be of a minimum age and possess a driver’s license. The number one concern for anybody going on vacation is safety and this has to also cover the experience with the car rental San Jose airport service, meaning that you need to pick a company that has reliable and safe vehicles which you can use without any worries. Finding a car rental Costa Rica airport service or a car rental Costa Rica company can be quite easy but you should not settle for just anyone of them and should do some research prior to booking a car for your vacation. Since the internet is now a great place to find virtually anything you might be looking for, finding the best rent a car Costa Rica opportunity can be done in a short time if you spend a few minutes sifting through the numerous available. Obviously the main priorities are the selection of cars the company welcomes its customers with and the prices. While the prices may not vary a whole lot from one car rental Costa Rica San Jose company to another, the hunt for a specific vehicle may take some time. If you plan to only travel through cities than a smaller city car may be the best option for you.

costa rica embassy nyc

UN speech September 23,2009 President Hugo Chavez part six

costa rica natural resources

Who is in favor of creating an Eco-topia?

I don’t know about the rest of the world, but I’m sick and tired of the way the human race is selfishly using up all the planet’s natural resources, without regard that we aren’t the only species on Earth. Seattle, Portland and Boulder (Colorado) are already fed up enough that they would like to just give up on the rest of the world and create an eco-topia. Who else is in favor of this eco-topia? As far as I’m concerned, countries like Costa Rica and Sweden (two of the most “eco-friendly” countries in the world) are doing fine, so why don’t we learn from them? And just so you all know, Costa Rica is NOT a 3rd world country. It’s actually one of the most successful countries in Latin America.

An eco-topia would be great. Of course, we’d have to redesign our cities so we can give up our cars. I would love to be able to walk to the most essential places. We might also have to give up stand alone houses of 2000 feet or more, but that wouldn’t hurt most of us. Easier to clean and we wouldn’t be filling them up with stuff we don’t need. If we had to walk to work and shopping, we’d also spend less time at the computer.

Heart of Gold Project – Costa Rica

Environmental Leadership in Developing Countries: Transnational Relations and Biodiversity Policy in Costa Rica and Bolivia (American and Comparative Environmental Policy) $23.00 In the absence of world government, effective national policy is essential to the success of international environmental initiatives. Yet research on global environmental cooperation has proceeded without models of policy change in developing countries, where most of the world’s people, land, and species are found. In this book Paul Steinberg provides a theoretical framework to explain the domesti…

Green Phoenix: Restoring the Tropical Forests of Guanacaste, Costa Rica $25.07 Can we prevent the destruction of the world’s tropical forests? In the fire-scarred hills of Costa Rica, award-winning science writer William Allen found a remarkable answer: we can not only prevent their destruction–we can bring them back to their former glory. In Green Phoenix, Allen tells the gripping story of a large group of Costa Rican and American scientists and volunteers who set out to s…

Breakfast of Biodiversity: The Truth About Rain Forest Destruction $16.95 Ecologists Vandermeer and Perfecto look beyond simplistic explanations to show exactly why biodiversity is in such jeopardy around the world and what steps must be taken to slow the ravaging of rain forests. …

---